Polyphenols[edit]
Polyphenols of several classes are widespread in plants, having diverse roles in defenses against plant diseases and predators.[45] They include hormone-mimicking phytoestrogens and astringent tannins.[53][65] Plants containing phytoestrogens have been administered for centuries for gynecological disorders, such as fertility, menstrual, and menopausal problems.[66] Among these plants are Pueraria mirifica,[67] kudzu,[68] angelica,[69] fennel, and anise.[70]
Many polyphenolic extracts, such as from grape seeds, olives or maritime pine bark, are sold as dietary supplements and cosmetics without proof or legal health claims for beneficial health effects.[71] In Ayurveda, the astringent rind of the pomegranate, containing polyphenols called punicalagins, is used as a medicine.[72]
![Polyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle), mimics of animal estrogen (bottom).[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytoestrogens2.png)
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